Suchergebnisse

Abortion is among the most widely discussed concepts of medical ethics. Since the well-known ethical theories have emerged from Western world, the position of Islamic ethics regarding main issues of medical ethics has been overlooked. Muslims constitute a considerable amount of world population. Turkish Republic is the only Muslim country ruled with secular democracy and one of the three Muslim countries where abortion is legalized. The first aim of this paper is to present discussions on abortion in Islamic ethics in the context of major ethical concepts; the legal status of the fetus, respect for life and the right not to be born. The second aim is to put forth Turkey's present legislation about abortion in the context of Islamic ethical and religious aspects.

This paper discusses the crucial effects of Turkish health and migration laws on Syrian refugees' access to public health services and social determinants of health. Key aspects of current Turkish laws affect the health of both refugees and Turkish citizens in many ways. The huge influx of refugees is increasing communicable disease risks, overcrowding hospitals, and more generally straining financial and health resources. Turkey's United Nations membership and its candidacy for European Union (EU) have led to increased alignment of Turkey's refugee and migration policies with international law. Major differences remain, however, and Turkey's remaining noncompliance with international refugee laws is a major force driving Syrian refugee's flight to EU countries, as refugees desperately seek the right to better health and social services.

Vulnerability is a broad concept widely addressed in recent scholarly literature. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are among the vulnerable populations with significant disadvantages related to health and the social determinants of health. Medical ethics discourse tackles vulnerability from philosophical and political perspectives. LGBT people experience several disadvantages from both perspectives. This article aims to justify the right to health for LGBT people and their particular claims regarding healthcare because they belong to a vulnerable group. Rawls' theory of justice and Norman Daniels' normal functioning approach will be discussed in this context. Despite the fact that the right to health can be justified by Daniels' normal functioning approach, there is still a theoretical gap in justifying the right to health for particular vulnerable populations such as LGBT peopleand discussing society's duty to compensate for these disadvantages. In search of solid theoretical grounds for the justification of the right to health for LGBT people, the present author takes the opportunity to utilize Daniels' flexible definition of normal functioning to show that normal functioning not only varies by age but also by different states of human existence, including sexual orientation and gender identity, and to propose replacing the life span approach with normal states of human existence.

Abortion is among the most widely discussed concepts of medical ethics. Since the well-known ethical theories have emerged from Western world, the position of Islamic ethics regarding main issues of medical ethics has been overlooked. Muslims constitute a considerable amount of world population. Turkish Republic is the only Muslim country ruled with secular democracy and one of the three Muslim countries where abortion is legalized. The first aim of this paper is to present discussions on abortion in Islamic ethics in the context of major ethical concepts; the legal status of the fetus, respect for life and the right not to be born. The second aim is to put forth Turkey's present legislation about abortion in the context of Islamic ethical and religious aspects.

Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of EU Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the EU. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Directive 2011/24/EU is addressed with special attention to its relation to patient rights and other EU legislations. Then, Turkish citizens' position in the scope of EU legislation on patient rights is considered. Finally, the ethical implications of the Directive, conceptualisation of cross-border patient mobility, and Turkey's particular position among other candidate countries regarding cross-border healthcare is discussed.

1. Introduction -- 2. What is Artificial Intelligence? -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. History -- 2.3. State of play and future prospects -- 3. Bioethical inquiries about artificial intelligence -- 3.1. Bioethical issues common to weak and strong artificial intelligence -- 3.2. Bioethical issues resulting from strong artificial intelligence -- 3.2.1. Ontological discussions -- 3.2.2. Consequential discussions -- 4. Medicine and artificial intelligence -- 4.1. Use of artificial in health services -- 4.2. Main challenges in medical ethics -- 4.2.1. Confidentiality and privacy -- 4.2.2. Compassion, veracity and fidelity -- 4.2.3. Communication skills and case based approach -- 5. Conclusion.

All research on human subjects should go through objective and independent ethical review. However, there are huge inconsistencies in the decisions of the review boards, which lead the investigators to question the validity and the objectivity of the decisions. We aim to develop a standard evaluation tool to regulate the ethical decision-making process for the board members' review and to minimize the effect of subjective factors. All international and national guidelines on clinical research ethics were reviewed and relevant criteria identified to prepare a comprehensive evaluation tool. Turkish laws and legislations regarding clinical research were also evaluated in order not to exclude any item that will affect the well-being of human subjects and investigators' conduct of clinical research. Ethical evaluation criteria are grouped under six headlines, and Turk- ish Ethical Evaluation of Clinical Research Protocols on Human Participants Sheet (TR-EGES) was developed and is offered for use by Institutional Review Boards as a general template for decision- making process. TR-EGES will ensure that all issues in national and international documents and guidelines are covered before reaching a conclusion for the proposed research protocol and will make the decision-making process as rational and standard as possible.